Waste prevention

On 27 April 2023, the Policy Learning Platform hosted the first webinar of the waste prevention series focusing on green public procurement.

During the webinar, several good practices from across Europe were put forward, coming from Interreg Europe projects: GPP-Stream, GPP4GROWTH, REDUCES, and ENHANCE. The practices focused on legislation and green public procurement to stimulate waste prevention. Watch the recording, explore the key learnings, and download the presentations below. 

The linear ‘take, make, use, and dispose’ economy is driving the climate emergency. Extraction and processing of natural resources make up half of the total global greenhouse gas emissions and over 90% of water stress and biodiversity loss impact, according to the International Resource Panel. Product re-use and repair are the building blocks of circular economy, which can contribute to climate change mitigation by preventing resource depletion, diverting products and materials from landfills and incineration (therefore preventing associated emissions), and reducing energy demand.

Activities at the top of the waste hierarchy also have a positive social impact, such as high job creation and employment of people struggling to find jobs. That is because activities necessary to extend the lifespan of products are labour-intensive.

For example, in the re-use sector, these include:

• Reception of goods (identification, first quality checks, sorting)
• Storage and logistics (adequate transport and handling, dismantling, storage of surplus merchandise)
• Restoration (dismantling, cleaning, repair, functionality checks)

Data from RREUSE show that a social enterprise active in re-use and preparation for re-use today creates on average 70 jobs per 1,000 tonnes collected with a view of being re-used. Moreover, most social enterprises employ between 45% and 80% disadvantaged groups in their operations.

This policy brief provides an overview of EU initiatives that local and regional authorities can refer to for boosting their circular economy transition and introduction of various repair and reuse schemes in compliance with the EU Directives.

It also presents a selection of Interreg Europe good practices and EU-funded projects of particular interest, with a high degree of replicability and adaptability to other municipal contexts.

When thinking about food waste, many will imagine food scraps or expired food in the fridge. The food waste issue is, however, much larger than that, and is acknowledged as an environmental, economic and social problem that needs to be resolved urgently.

Production, consumption and disposal of edible food contribute to the release of CO2 emissions, and a significant economic loss. Moreover, even if just one fourth of the food wasted worldwide could be rescued, it would be sufficient to feed all people suffering from food insecurity in the world.

In the EU, over 58 million tonnes of food waste (131 kg/inhabitant) are generated every year, with an associated market value estimated at 132 billion euros. Eurostat roughly estimates that around 10% of food made available to EU consumers (at retail, food services and households) may be wasted. At the same time, over 37 million people in the EU cannot afford a quality meal every other day.

Everyone has a role to play in preventing and reducing food waste, from those who produce and process food (farmers, food manufacturers), to those who sell it (retailers, hospitality industry) and consume it (restaurants, schools, canteens, citizens).

Local and regional governments can create a policy environment that stimulates food waste prevention and reduction initiatives, including green public procurement measures and economic incentives (e.g. fiscal incentives for food donation). Food waste is a multifaceted issue affecting different policy areas.  

Relevant public services should therefore coordinate efforts and develop integrated action plans to tackle food waste effectively. Local and regional policy-makers can also support collaboration between all actors of the food supply chain for a more sustainable food system.

The prevention and reduction of food waste has been an important topic in several Interreg Europe projects, generating a large body of know-how and good practices on the subject. This article will highlight three examples coming from the CORE and CITISYSTEM projects, all concerning food waste prevention.

Raising awareness to prevent food waste

The Hungarian National Food Chain Safety Office has launched a so-called Wasteless programme in 2016, in response to high levels of food waste recorded in the country (CORE). The programme aimed at raising awareness and educating about the food waste issue. When ‘Wasteless’ was launched in 2016, it found that 68 kg of food waste per capita were generated in households, one third of which could have been prevented. This figure has decreased to 59 kg as of 2022.

Various activities are undertaken in the programme, including:

• conducting household surveys to measure the amount of generated food waste
• awareness raising activities for children
• educating households by providing them with useful tools and tips (a dedicated website with information was created, as well as a calculator where every household can measure their progress)
• organising educational workshops for actors in the food supply chain.
   

Resale of surplus food

Another example from Hungary, also identified by the CORE project, is the Munch app. Restaurants, bakeries, and pastry shops can sign up, offering leftover but good quality food at a discount, instead of throwing it away. Customers can then find the Munch (food for sale) nearest to them based on their geographical location and buy it with a discount of 30 to 40%. A portion of the Munch is also donated to people in need.

The app is active all over Hungary, and plans to expand to Slovakia, Slovenia and other countries. So far, the app was able to redistribute over 1,000,000 portions of saved food, preventing the emission of over 1600 tonnes of greenhouse gases. Over 11 500 food portions have been delivered to people in need resulting in savings of EUR580,000, and the enrolment of thousands of registered members.

Organising local food aid

In the Finnish City of Lahti, food waste reduction is one of the actions identified in the City’s Circular Economy roadmap, as a means to reach the goal of becoming a carbon neutral and waste-free city, respectively by 2025 and 2050. In 2021, the city found out that more than 57,000 tonnes of food waste were generated in grocery stores, with bread being the number one wasted item. Lahti supported local NGOs to develop an organised a way of delivering food aid to people in need (CITISYSTEM).

The NGO ‘Operation Open Door (OOD)’ is one of the local food aid actors. The organisation has contracts with grocery stores, which supply the NGO with surplus food in the order of 85 tonnes per month. The NGO collects and stores donations from different companies in cold storage and passes them to food distributors. These distributors can then deliver about 17,000 food aid packages per month.

One of the biggest challenges for the Operation Open Door is the lack of paid workers. Päivi Sieppi, from the City of Lahti explains: “The organisation only relies on volunteers, who are quite old people. I think that we really should have some paid workers in this field. Some cities in Finland have recruited workers to organize this kind of work. Not the City of Lahti, but we are already working on it.”

Päivi Sieppi believes there has been a visible improvement in Finland, when it comes to the food waste issue. “The supermarkets are offering products close to their expiration date for a significant discount and people are using that opportunity, we can see that the amount of food left over for NGOs has decreased over the last years”. Restaurants are selling surplus food at a discount as well, and in some you even have to pay extra if you don’t finish your meal.

There are many ways how local and regional authorities can support food waste prevention. These include awareness raising campaigns and education of citizens and food companies, collaboration with NGOs on surplus food redistribution, or supporting start-ups such as the Munch app. According to Sieppi, municipalities need to focus on “coordination, cooperation, as well as providing financial and other resources such as storage facilities”. In any case, public bodies have an important role to play in food waste reduction.

Learn more 

For more information and inspiration on how to rescue food, please also see:

Global consumption of materials is expected to double over the next forty years, while the waste generation is expected to grow by 70%. To reduce waste production and resources consumption, the European Union has launched the Circular Economy Action Plan, part of the European Green Deal.

The primary goal of European policies is to prevent waste creation and to reuse or provide high-quality recycling for any waste that is produced. This policy should help:

• Harmonise waste collection systems within Europe 
• Introduce new waste management rules
• Tighten the existing waste management rules

In light of this, EU Member States have begun to develop and revise their own national waste management plans and strategies.

Despite the publication of Latvia’s first Waste Prevention Plan in 2013, the generation of municipal waste has been growing steadily, as can be seen in the graph below. Increased waste prevention, therefore, remains an important topic for Latvia.

The country’s participation in the OptiWaMag project, which focuses on waste management innovation in urban spaces, should also be helpful in these efforts. One of the policy changes achieved through the project is the development of a new Latvian National Waste Plan.